Saturday, 9 November 2013

Insane or Ingenious

There is a big debate on whether Edgar Allan Poe was insane or whether his works were pieces of art. In my opinion, Poe was an amazing author and the reason people don't understand his literature is because they don't make an effort to read it. Yes, his stories have a more advanced vocabulary. Yes, some of his stories are sadistic, gruesome tales. However, I find that this does not make him insane per say, but an even better author.


Because of his terrible experiences as a child, Poe was filled with a lot of sorrow and depression at a young age. He had to suffer the difficulties of having a single mother raise him. Then his mother died and that loss hit him really hard because he was young and didn't have many other people he could really depend on. Next he was separated from his siblings and taken in by people he didn't even know. His adoptive father went on to abusing him and he didn't have very many friends. From his childhood, Poe was an outcast, never properly fitting in anywhere because of his state of mind. In all reality, if anyone had to go through what he went through, they couldn't possibly turn out to be completely normal.


I do not think he was insane, I just think he was able to express his depressing, melancholic feelings through his writing. When one can look beyond what is just written on the paper, when one can infer what the author is trying to really get across, one learns many things. Poe hides many morals and lessons in a lot of his stories and poems. The stories that aren't directly illustrating these things are just showing the reader a little bit more about Poe and his personality and feelings.




The works that Poe opened up in the most are probably his last stories and poems written. Here there is a lot of emotional sadness because of the loss of Poe's wife. It is easy, in these works, to get really attached to the main character and to feel what he is feeling. These works demonstrate the feelings of the narrator but also of the author. One is directly linked to Poe's thought process and his reaction to many situations.



I feel Poe is ingenious when it comes to his writing. He uses imagery, literary devices, symbolism and hidden meanings in such a way that once the readers infer and read between the lines, the story becomes so much more than just a story. It becomes an experience that we can link to our own lives. I encourage anyone who has not read any of Poe's works to start because you are honestly missing out on a lot!  

The Raven

The last poem I will interpret is The Raven. This is another extremely popular poem written by Poe and is another one of my favourites. Here is the link to the story as well as a vocal version: The Raven The Raven- spoken

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, while I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, as of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. `'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door - only this, and nothing more.' Here the story begins with a man in his chamber reading books. He is upset over something and although he is reading, he isn't really paying attention to what is written on the pages. His mind is distracted and he even starts falling asleep. Suddenly, he is awakened by someone knocking at his door and he resolves that it is simply a late visitor.

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, and each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore - for the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore - nameless here for evermore. Next, the narrator is thinking back on when his wife Lenore died. It was in December and although the fireplace was being used every day, it was not offering much warmth and comfort to him. He wished the days would pass quicker so he could forget all the pain and sorrow associated with his loss. He turned to books, attempting to escape in their storyline, however they do not offer much comfort either.

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; so that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating `'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door -some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; -this it is, and nothing more,' Every time the curtains rustle or the man hears the slightest noise he gets filled with hope that it is the spirit of his lost Lenore. He stands in the middle of the room trying to reason with himself; partly hoping the knock was Lenore's ghost, yet concluding that it had to have been the knock of a nightly visitor. 

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, `Sir,' said I, `or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; but the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, and so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, that I scarce was sure I heard you' - here I opened wide the door; - darkness there, and nothing more. He walks over to the door apologizing to whoever is waiting on the other side. He explains that the reason it took him so long to answer, was not because of his hopeful reasoning's, yet because he was napping and wasn't sure if he had heard the knock properly. When he opens the door, nobody is there except the darkness enveloping him. 

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; but the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token, and the only word there spoken was the whispered word, `Lenore!' This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, `Lenore!' Merely this and nothing more. He stands there, waiting in the darkness for something, someone, to show themselves, but that doesn't happen. He is thinking that maybe, just maybe, Lenore is back. She could be with there with him at this very moment! He whispers her name, however the only reply is his own echo. 

Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. `Surely,' said I, `surely that is something at my window lattice; let me see then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore -let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore; - 'Tis the wind and nothing more!' Angry, embarrassed and disappointed at his overreaction of the noise, he turns back into his chamber and shuts the door. Soon after, he hear another knocking, louder than the first time. He figures that it is not coming from the door, but now from his window. Before opening it, he tells himself that the noise is simply coming from the wind, in an attempt to save himself from further disappointment.  



Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, in there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore. Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; but, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door -perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door -perched, and sat, and nothing more. As he throws open the window, a raven lands on the window sill. Without a moments hesitation it flies into his home and lands on a statue above the man's door. It does not fear the human like most birds do and does nothing other than sit on the statue.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, by the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, `Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,' I said, `art sure no craven. Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the nightly shore -tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' Although the man is upset, the unusual actions of the bird force him to smile. He is amused by the bird and decides to ask it what its name is. Much to the man's surprise, the raven answers "Nevermore." 

Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, though its answer little meaning - little relevancy bore; for we cannot help agreeing that no living human being ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door - bird or beast above the sculptured bust above his chamber door, with such name as `Nevermore.' The man is shocked. Although the name really has no important meaning, it is still unlikely that any human has ever met a raven named Nevermore. No human has ever had a raven fly through their window and perch above their door. This bird, this man and this situation are all unique. 

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only, that one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing further then he uttered - not a feather then he fluttered - till I scarcely more than muttered `Other friends have flown before -on the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.'
Then the bird said, `Nevermore.'
 The bird is unable to speak any other words and it's as if the word Nevermore represents its whole soul and existence. Although the man is graced with its company he claims that in the morning the bird will leave him just as everything he has ever loved, all his hopes and dreams and happiness have left him. The bird's answer to this is, "Nevermore."

Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, `Doubtless,' said I, `what it utters is its only stock and store, caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful disaster followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore -till the dirges of his hope that melancholy burden bore of "Never-nevermore."' The man, startled by the birds reply, tells himself that it is irrelevant. The previous master of the bird must have been an unhappy individual who suffered a lot and in doing so mumbled that word numerous times. This would have become a habit and the bird would have learned the word, nevermore.


But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling, straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and bust and door; then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore -what this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore meant in croaking `Nevermore.' The raven, previously causing the man to smile and forget his sadness, starts to anger him and in result he throws a pillow at the bird to scare it away. It remains still like the statue on which it is perched. At this, the man starts contemplating, wondering what the raven could mean by his constant repetition of the word nevermore. What was the bird's business here?

This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing to the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core; this and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining on the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er, but whose velvet violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er, She shall press, ah, nevermore! The narrator is intrigued by the evil-looking bird. He sat for a long time thinking about the bird, and the pillow. This reminds him of Lenore and how she will never sit in that seat again; never press her head against it again.

Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. `Wretch,' I cried, `thy God hath lent thee - by these angels he has sent thee respite - respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore! Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' He becomes outraged at the thought of Lenore and blames it on the bird, yelling at it. He questions the raven asking if he will ever get over his loss and forget about Lenore. The bird simply replies, "Nevermore."

`Prophet!' said I, `thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! -whether tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted -on this home by horror haunted - tell me truly, I implore -is there - is there balm in Gilead? - tell me - tell me, I implore!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' He gets even more angry at the bird, feeling it is there to now torture him with his sorrowful memories. He claims that he doesn't care if it flew in his home by accident or if it was thrown in there because of a storm. Then he asks if there is balm in Gilead. Balm in Gilead is a healing compound so the man is asking the raven if he will ever be healed from the pain of his loss. The raven answers, "Nevermore."

`Prophet!' said I, `thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us - by that God we both adore -tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn, it shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore -clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore?'
Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'
 Angered even more by the bird's answers, the man continues yelling. He asks the bird if in the next life, in Heaven, he will get the chance to hold his beautiful Lenore again. The raven replies, "Nevermore." 

`Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!' I shrieked upstarting - `Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken! - quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' This last statement pushes the narrator over the edge. He tells the bird to leave him be; to disappear and never come back; to leave nothing behind to remind him of this meeting. He doesn't want to admit to himself the truth of the things the raven is saying and calls them lies. The bird is hurting him with every answer it gives, figuratively shoving its beak deeper and deeper into an already wounded heart. The raven answers, "Nevermore," meaning it will never leave his side. 



And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting on the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; and his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, and the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; and my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor shall be lifted -nevermore! The raven, never leaving the statue above the door is a constant reminder of the pain and loss and sorrow the narrator will forever feel. The soul of the narrator will never recover and will never be the same again. He is trapped, under the dark shadow of the raven (representing the reality of the loss), for the rest of his life.

This is probably the most famous of all of Poe's works and for good reason. There are many litterary devices as well as literary images and symbolism used in this poem. Poe puts so much feeling and emotion into this work that anyone reading it will empatize with the narrator. 


Ideas used from grade seven English class oral discussion  

The Tell-Tale Heart

This last story, I will be analysing the use of literary elements present. To summarize, it is about a crazy guy who kills the old man he lives with because of the old man's eye. Judging by the description, the old man has cataracts but his eye scares the madman into killing him. Eventually the guilt on his concious for having committed murder drives him insane and he admits his crime to police. Here is the story: The Tell-Tale Hear,

The first example of literary element in this story is the hyperbole. "I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell." This is an exaggeration because although this man may have an acute sense of hearing it is not possible that he can hear things in heaven and in hell. 

Next literary device is the metaphor. "And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously- oh, so cautiously- cautiously (for the hinges creaked)- I undid it just so much that a single ray fell upon the vulture eye." In this quote, Poe is comparing the eye of the old man to a vulture eye without using the words like or as. "A watch's minute hand moves more quickly than did mine." This is an example of a metaphor as well because it is a comparison between the speed of a watch's minute hand and of the madman's hand. Similarly when Poe says, "Meantime the hellish tattoo of the heart increased." he is comparing the beating of the heart to a terrible drumming sound. 



Another common literary element is the simile. These are easier to spot out because it is a comparison between two things, using the words like or as. "His room was as black as pitch with the thick darkness..." Here Poe describes the room being pitch black. "And now have I not told you what you mistake for madness is but over-acuteness of the senses?- now, I say, there came to my ears a low, dull, quick sound, such as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I knew that sound well too. It was the beating of the old man's heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage." Here Poe uses two similes. First off, he describes the beating of the man's heart to a watch enveloped in cotton. Next he compares his fury, due to the old man's heart, and the courage of a soldier, due to the beating of a drum. 

An interesting use of irony in this story is when the madman says, "..(for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers,)..." This is ironic because the old man is locking the windows to protect himself from what is outside the house but really, it's what's inside the house that he needs protecting from. 

Finally, Poe's best use of literary device in this story is the personification. "All in vain; because Death, in approaching him, had stalked with his black shadow before him, and enveloped the victim." In this quote, death is given human qualities and is said to have stalked its victim, and enveloped him. Poe is clearly an expert at using literary devices, which enhances the quality of his poems and stories.  

Ideas used from grade seven English class oral discussion  

Friday, 8 November 2013

A Dream Within a Dream

This is probably one of my favourite poems written by Edgar Allan Poe because of the amount of emotion he puts into it. To help others understand its meaning, I will be analysing it. Here is a link: A Dream Within a Dream

"Take this kiss upon the brow! And, in parting from you now, thus much let me avow- you are not wrong, who deem that my days have been a dream;" This poem was written after Poe's wife died, meaning one can assume it is dedicated to her. He parts from her, giving her one last kiss goodbye. Claiming next, that everyone could see that he was in love with her and she made him happy. He could not have asked for anything more than her, and it was like a dream come true. 

"Yet if hope has flown away in a night, or in a day, in a vision, or in none, is it therefore the less gone? All that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream." This next part of the poem illustrates the hopelessness in the situation. Hope is not something there permanently and can disappear in a night, a day, a vision, at any moment of our lives. He is questioning how he can depend on something as unreliable as hope itself. The famous concluding line of this stanza is, "all that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream", meaning that our life, everything that happens to us day by day, is about as predictable and logical as a dream. 

"I stand amid the roar of a surf-tormented shore, and I hold within my hand grains of golden sand- how few! yet how they creep through my fingers into the deep, while I weep- while I weep!" When Poe talks about the surf tormented shore here, he could be comparing it to his feelings. The roaring, raging, crazy waves could be compared to the emotional instability he is going through with the pain, the sorrow, the anger and the confusion due to his loss. Next he talks about grains of sand that he holds in his hands, which are slipping through his fingers. In my opinion, this stands for the time slipping away from him. Although he wants to live life and keep moving forward he is so overwhelmed with sorrow that he is unable to function. He tries slowing down time so he can cope with his loss, but nobody has that kind of power and like the grains of sand, time is just keeps creeping through his fingers, one grain at a time. 



"O God! can I not grasp them with a tighter clasp? O God! can I not save one from the pitiless wave? Is all that we see or seem but a dream within a dream?" In the last part of this paragraph, Poe is begging God for his help. He implores him to slow down time, so he can overcome his emotions and keep living life to its fullest. He then questions again whether everything that happens to us in life is as irrelevant as a dream. This is an extremely popular poem by Poe because it addresses a topic that many people still question today. What is the point of our existence? 


Ideas used from grade ten English class oral discussion  

The Pit and the Pendulum

Out of all Poe's stories this one is probably my favourite. Not only is it easier to understand, but it is extremely descriptive; allowing the reader to step into the shoes of the main character and experience what he is going through. I will be summarizing this short story then giving a few examples of the author's use of literary imagery. Here is a copy: The Pit and the Pendulum

In times long ago, when the Roman Catholic Church was in power, there weren't kings, queens, presidents or prime ministers making and enforcing rules. Instead, those in charge were the inquisition. They were not very compassionate, sympathetic people and tortured their victims in the most gruesome ways. The Pit and the Pendulum describes the experience of a prisoner of the Inquisition.

He is first tortured with the loss of his sight, when plunged into darkness, and almost falls into an abyss of death. Next, he is tied up as a bladed pendulum descends toward him, slowly guaranteeing his death. As he escapes this, the steel walls of his cell are heated to a scorching temperature and start closing in on him, thus forcing him toward the chasm. Right before he falls to his death, the Inquisition is defeated and a member of the French army saves his life.

Throughout this whole incident, the reader is subjected to the victims roller coaster of emotions. One second he is hopeful, another scared, another hopeless and another completely blank. This is done so effectively by Poe because he is able to utilize literary imagery so perfectly. From childhood, one is taught the basic five senses; visual (see), auditory (hear), olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste), and tactile (touch).

There are many examples of these senses throughout The Pit and the Pendulum. For example,at the beginning of the story, the author begins with a description of what he sees. "I saw the lips of the black-robed judges. They appeared to me white- whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words- and thin even to grotesqueness; thin with the intensity of their expression of firmness- of immovable resolution- of stern contempt of human torture. I saw that the decrees of what to me was Fate were still issuing from those lips. I saw them writhe with deadly locution. I saw them fashion the syllables of my name; and I shuddered because no sound succeeded." In this paragraph, the description of the Inquisition members is so clearly stated that one can't help but to imagine them; their thin, disgusting lips, mouthing not the narrators name, but our very own. He creates a horrific scene where one can imagine themselves, waiting for those terrible, black-robed figures to sentence us to death. 



Poe uses the tactile sense to describe what the victim is feeling in his cell. "At first, I proceeded with extreme caution, for the floor, although seemingly of solid material, was treacherous with slime." At the mention of slime, one may automatically think of rocks on the edge of a river bank, barely covered with running water; which produces a slimy, slippery surface. One may imagine that the floor he is walking on is slimy and slippery from the blood of previous victims who've been tortured in the same cell. This description of the tactile sense lets the reader use their imagination to figure out why the cell is slimy. 


Another sense used in this story is olfactory. "At the same time, my forehead seemed bathed in a clammy vapour, and the peculiar smell of decayed fungus arose to my nostrils." This is probably the most effective use of literary imagery in this story because although Poe does not say what this odour is caused by, the audience can infer. At the bottom of the abyss there could be a pile of rotting corpses, a monster, a sewer pit filled with rats, a pile of garbage, the severed body parts of previous captives. The possibilities are endless, however there is enough description to allow one to use their imagination. 



The auditory sense is used shortly after when the narrator drops a severed brick from the floor into the abyss. "For many seconds I hearkened its reverberations as it dashed against the sides of the chasm in its descent; at length, there was a sullen plunge into water, succeeded by loud echoes." This gives a little more insight on what may be lurking at the bottom of this mysterious pit but doesn't altogether give anything away. Sure there may be water, however what is in the water? How far down is the fall? How big around, in diameter, is the hole? Many unanswered question are left up to the reader to answer. 

The only sense not used a lot in this story is the gustatory sense. The main character simply states that "A burning thirst consumed [him]...". This allows those reading this story to feel the unquenchable thirst of the narrator. In all of Edgar Allan Poe's stories and poems there is a significant amount of literary imagery. This story in particular is one of my favourites not only because of that, but because of its hopeful ending unlike many of Poe's other works.    

Ideas used from grade seven English class oral discussion